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Murugan, also known as Krttikeya ("son of Krittika"), Shanmukha ("one with six faces"), Kumra ("child or son"), and Skanda ("attacker"), among other names, is the young God of war and the patron deity of Tamil Nadu in South India. He is a popular Hindu deity among Tamil Hindus and is primarily worshipped in areas with a Tamil influence, such as Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and southern India.
Murugan rose to become the demi-gods' supreme
general, leading the devas' army to victory over the demons. Tiruttanikai,
Swamimalai, Tiruvavinankudi (Palani), Pazhamudirsolai, Tirupparamkunram, and
Tiruchendur are the six locations where Karthikeya stayed while leading his
armies against Surapadman. All of these locations have ancient temples that
have been glorified by Tirumurugaatruppadai's Tamil poems from the Sangam
period (c. the third century C.E.). These six locations became known as
"Arupadai Veedu," which translates as "the Lord's six battle
camps."
Murugan is portrayed as a bachelor in many Hindu
stories. The majority of Murugan's major events occur during his youth, and
legends surrounding his birth are popular. As a result, Murugan is frequently
worshipped as a child-God, similar to how Krishna is worshipped in north India.
In other Hindu myths, he has two wives, Valli and Devayani. At the time of Adi
Shankara, one of the six major sects of Hinduism was the worship of Murugan as
a youth (Kumara). Shankara's Shanmata system included this sect, demonstrating
its historical significance.
Kartikeya was historically very popular in the
Indian subcontinent. The Skanda Purana, one of the major Puranas, is dedicated
to him. While explaining his omnipresence in the Bhagavad Gita (Ch.10, Verse
24), Krishna names the most perfect being, mortal or divine, in each of several
categories. "Among generals, I am Skanda, the lord of war," he says
as he does so.
Kartikeya's presence in religious and cultural
circles can be traced back to the Gupta period. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta,
two Gupta kings, were named after him. He can be seen in Gupta sculptures as
well as the temples of Ellora and Elephanta. He became the patron of the ruling
classes as the commander of the divine armies. His youth, beauty, and bravery
were lauded in Sanskrit works such as the Kathasaritsagara. The birth of Kumara
was the subject of a lyrical epic, the Kumaarasambhavam, written by Kalidasa.
The Kushana, who ruled from what is now Peshawar,
and the Yaudheyas, a republican clan in Punjab, both struck coins depicting
Skanda. The Ikshvakus, an Andhra dynasty, and the Guptas both worshipped the
deity.
Kartikeya was also regarded as the patron deity of
thieves in ancient India, as evidenced by the Mrichchakatikam, a Sanskrit play
by Shudraka, and the Vetala-panchvimshati, a mediaeval collection of tales.
This association stems from Kartikeya's digging through the Krauncha mountain
to kill the demon Taraka and his brothers. Sarivilaka prays to him in the
Mrichchakatikam before tunnelling into the hero's house.
However, Kartikeya's popularity in North India
declined after the Middle Ages, and his worship is now almost unknown outside
of Haryana. There is a very famous temple dedicated to Him in the town of
Pehowa in Haryana, and this temple is very well-known in the surrounding areas,
especially because this shrine celebrates the Brahmachari form of Kartikeya,
and women are not allowed anywhere near it. A temple at Achaleshwar, near
Batala in Punjab, and another Skanda temple atop the Parvati hill in Pune,
Maharashtra, serve as reminders of former devotions to him. Another relic of
his former popularity can be found in Bengal, where he is worshipped alongside
Durga during the Durga Puja festivities.
Muruga has remained popular with all classes of
society in South India since the Sangam period. This has resulted in more
elaborate accounts of his mythology in Tamil, culminating in the Kandha Purnam,
a Tamil version of Skanda Purana written by Kacchiappa Sivachariyar (1350-1420
C.E.) of Kumara Kottam in Kanchipuram. (He was a Tamil and Sanskrit scholar and
adherent of the Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy.)
He is married to two deities: Valli, a tribal
chief's daughter, and Devayani (also known as Devasena), Indra's daughter.
During His bachelorhood, He was also known as Kumaraswami (or Bachelor God),
with Kumara referring to a bachelor and Swami referring to God. Muruga rides a
peacock and fights with a bow. A weapon associated with him is the lance
(called Vel in Tamil). It was bestowed upon him by his mother, Parvati, and
represents her energy and power. His army's flag features a rooster. During the
war, the demon Soorapadman was split in half, and Murugan bestowed a boon on
each half. As a result, the halves transformed into the peacock (his mount) and
the rooster.
Because Muruga is primarily worshipped in South
India, many of his names are of Tamil origin. Senthil, the red or formidable
one, Arumuga, the six-faced one, Guha, and Maal-Marugan, Vishnu's nephew, are
among them.
Murugan is worshipped throughout the Tamil calendar
year. The Skanda Shasti is a six-day fast and prayer period observed in the
Tamil month of Aippasi. He is worshipped during Thaipusam, a festival
celebrated by Tamil communities around the world near the full moon of the
Tamil month Thai. This commemorates the day his mother gave him a Vel (lance)
to help him defeat the demons. His birth is commemorated by Vaikasi Visakam, or
the full moon of the Tamil month of Vaikasi. Every Tuesday in the Tamil month
of Adi is also dedicated to Murugan worship. Tuesday is associated with
Mangala, the Hindu god of war and the planet Mars. This reveals Skanda's
connection to Kujan (Mangala).
Murugan appears in Sanskrit literature as early as
the first millennium BCE. There are references to Subrahmanya in Kautilya's
Arthashastra, Patanjali's works, Kalidasa's epic poem the Kumarasambhavam, and
the Sanskrit drama Mricchakatika.
Vedas
Kumaran is described in the Atharva Veda as
'Agnibhuh,' or the son of Agni, the fire god. The Satapatha Brahmana describes
him as Rudra's son and the ninth form of Agni. The Gayatri mantra for Shanmukha
is contained in the Taittiriya Aranyaka. Skanda is referred to in the Chandogya
Upanishad as the "way that leads to wisdom."
Skanda is referred to in the Baudhayana Dharmasutra
as "Mahasena" and "Subrahmanya." The legend of Kartikeya
Skanda is recounted in great detail in the Mahabharata's Aranya Parva canto.
The Skanda Purana is devoted to the story of Kartikeya. [3]
Hindu epics
The first elaborate account of Karthikeya's origin
appears in the Mahabharata, where Murugan is said to have been born from Agni
and Svaha after the latter impersonated six of the Saptarishi's seven wives
(Seven Sages). The actual wives then become the Pleiades. Karthikeya is said to
have been born to destroy the Asura Mahisha. (In later mythology, Mahisha
became Durga's antagonist.)
Indra attacks Karthikeya because he sees him as a
threat, until Shiva intervenes and makes Karthikeya commander-in-chief of the
Devas' army. In addition, he is married to Devasena, Indra's daughter. The
origin of this marriage is most likely the pun "Deva-sena-pati." It
can mean either Lord of Devasena or Lord of Devas' army (sena).
The Ramayana version is more similar to the stories
told in the Puranas, which are discussed further below.
Puranas
Though there are slightly different versions in the
Puranas, they all follow the same pattern. By this time, the identification of
Shiva/Rudra with Agni, which dates back to the Vedas and Brahmanas, had clearly
established Karthikeya as Shiva's son.
According to the Skanda Purana, Shiva first married
Dakshayani (also known as Sati), Brahma's granddaughter and Daksha's daughter.
Daksha despised Shiva, who, as a symbol of destruction and detachment, begs for
food, dances in an ash-strewn graveyard, and has no possessions, not even good
clothes for himself. In a Yajna ceremony, Daksha publicly insults Shiva, and
Dakshayani immolates herself. The Yajna is destroyed despite the protection of
all the other Gods and rishis. Taraka believed that because Shiva is an ascetic
and his previous marriage was difficult to conduct, remarriage was out of the
question, and thus his boon of being killed by Shiva's son alone would grant
him invincibility.
The Devas succeed in marrying Shiva to Parvati (who
was Dakshayani, reborn), by waking up Manmatha (also known as Kama), the God of
love, but Manmatha incurs the Lord's wrath, as indicated by the opening of his
third eye—"Netri Kann," and being destroyed and resurrected. Shiva
gives Agni his effulgence of the third eye, which he used to destroy Manmatha,
because only he is capable of handling it until it becomes the desired
offspring. Even Agni, tortured by its heat, gives it to Ganga, who deposits it
in a lake in a reed forest (shara).
In this forest, a child with six faces is finally
born. Six women representing the Pleiades—Kritika, in Sanskrit—first notice and
care for him. As a result, he is given the name Karthikeya. He destroys Taraka
as a young lad. Kumara is another name for him (Sanskrit for "youth")
Puranic irregularities
Given that legends about Murugan are told separately
in several Hindu epics, there are some discrepancies between the various
versions. According to some Sanskrit epics and puranas, he was Shiva's elder
son. This is suggested by the legend surrounding his birth, which states that
the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is required for the birth of a child who will
defeat the demon Taraka.
In the Shiva Purana, Kartikeya is also seen
assisting Shiva in his fight against the newborn Ganesha, Shiva's other son.
In the Brahma Vaivarta Purana's Ganapati Khandam, he
is depicted as Shiva's elder son, with Ganesha as the younger. In South India,
he is thought to be the younger of the two. In a Puranic story, Ganesha wins a
contest with Murugan and obtains a divine mango of knowledge from Narada. While
Murugan races around the world three times to win the mango contest, Ganesha
circumambulates Shiva and Parvati three times in exchange for the mango. He
offers to give the mango to his upset brother after winning it.
Murugu is mentioned in Tamil Sangam Literature
(early centuries C.E.) as a nature spirit who is worshipped with animal
sacrifices and is associated with a non-Brahmanical priest known as a Velan, a
name later used to refer to the deity himself. Murugu worship frequently took
place in the woods or in an open field, with no specific structure. The
Veriyaattu, a form of ritual-trance-dancing that is still practised in Tamil
Nadu, Kerala, and Malaysia, was among the rituals performed. Murugu was thought
to have control over the chaotic and could be appeased through sacrifices and
Veriyaattu to bring order and prosperity.
Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue
peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," was glorified as "the
favoured god of the Tamils" in Tolkappiyam, possibly the most ancient of
the extant Sangam works. [4] The Sangam poetry divided space and Tamil land
into five allegorical areas, and Murugan was the presiding diety of the Kurinci
region, according to the Tirumurugarruppatai (c. 400-450 C.E.) attributed to
the great Sangam poet Nakkiirar (hilly area).
The Paripaatal, Akananuru, and Purananuru are three
other Sangam era Tamil works that detail Murugan.
Architectural finds of pottery in Tamil Nadu and
elsewhere had ideographic inscriptions of this name dating back to the third
century B.C.E. [5] The ideographs, according to noted epigraphist Iravatham
Mahadevan, represent a brave warrior capable of killing evil demons to save the
devoted.
Lord Muruga was worshipped for teaching Lord Shiva
the meaning of the Pranava Mantra (OM).
Murugan's main temples are located in Southern Tamil
Nadu. They include the Aru Padaiveedu (six houses—rather, military camps in his
campaign against demons)—Thiruchendur, Swamimalai Pazhamudircholai,
Thirupparangunram, Palani (Pazhani), Thiruthani—as well as other important
shrines such as Mayilam, Sikkal, Marudamalai, Kundrathur, Vadapalani,
Kandakottam, Apart from the famous Pehowa temple in Haryana, Malai Mandir, a
prominent and popular temple complex in Delhi, is one of the few dedicated to
Murugan in all of North India.
The key temples in Sri Lanka include the sylvan
shrine in Kataragama/(Kadirgamam), or Kathirkamam in the deep south, the temple
in Tirukovil in the east, the shrine in Embekke in the Kandyan region, and the
famed Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna.
In Malaysia, there are several temples dedicated to
Murugan, the most well-known of which is the Batu Caves near Kuala Lumpur. At
the entrance to the Batu Caves, there is a 42.7 m high statue of Lord Murugan,
the world's largest Murugan statue.
Sri Thendayuthapani Temple on Tank Road in Singapore
is a major Hindu temple where the Thaipusam festival is held each year, with
devotees of Lord Muruga carrying Kavadis seeking penance and the Lord's
blessings.
Highgate Hill Murugan temple is one of the oldest
and most well-known in the United Kingdom. On July 6, 2002, Queen Elizabeth II
of the United Kingdom paid her first visit to this temple as part of the Golden
Jubilee celebrations.
For all Australian Hindus, the Sydney Murugan temple
in Parramatta (Mays Hill) is a major Hindu temple.
Sri Lankan worship
In Sri Lanka, Tamil Hindus and Sinhalese Buddhists
both worship Kartikeya or Murugan. There are numerous temples on the island. He
is a popular deity among ordinary people everywhere, and it is said that he
never hesitates to assist a devotee when called upon.
Kartikeya is worshipped in the deeply Sinhalese
south of Sri Lanka at the Kataragama (Kathirkamam) temple, where he is known as
Katragama Deviyo (Lord of Katragama) or Kathiravel. This temple is located next
to an old Buddhist temple. According to local legend, Lord Murugan landed in
Kataragama and was smitten by Valli, one of the local aboriginal deities.
They married after a courtship. This occurrence is
interpreted to mean that Lord Murugan is accessible to all who worship and love
him, regardless of birth or heritage.
The three most important Murukan temples in Jaffna
are the Nallur Kandaswamy temple, the Maviddapuram temple, and the Sella
channithy temple near Valvettiturai. The Chitravelautha temple in Verukal, on
the border of Trincomalee and Batticaloa, and the Mandur Kandaswamy temple in
Batticaloa are also noteworthy.
The late medieval-era temple of the tooth in Kandy,
dedicated to the Buddha's tooth relic, is flanked by a Kataragama deiyo shrine
dedicated to Skanda veneration in the Sinhalese tradition.
In Sri Lanka, Hindus and Buddhists worship him
together at the highly sacred Buddhist and Hindu shrine Katharagama temple
(also known in Sinhala as "Katharagama Devalaya"), which is located
deep south in the country.
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